1986), Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Moral Majority, Inc., 796 F.2d 1148 (9th Cir. Inspired by the capture of the alleged Golden State Killer, police across the United States are uploading crime-scene DNA to GEDmatch and other databases where purchasers of genetic testing kits from companies such as 23andMe and Ancestry can share their DNA in hopes of finding long-lost relatives. 1977). 1986), Educ. Can I use a stage name or a pen name? Group LLC, No. Mar. 741 (S.D.N.Y. 1997), Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc., 109 F.3d 1394 (9th Cir. Now What? Colls. I have to include my new account number on an application. Or you can share your work, and help light up the global commons! In the years since Benjamin Franzen premiered Copyright Criminals at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival, he has immersed himself with production work in his own Atlanta-based company, Changing Images, which has created media, animation, and other digital content for companies as enormous as Coca-Cola and for talent as huge as Jimmy Fallon. Can a minor claim copyright? 2000), Baraban v. Time Warner, Inc., No. What should it include? Do I need to
I've been using the "Standard" online application to register my works as an "unpublished collection". 1981), Warner Bros., Inc. v. Am. Sampling is when musicians make an audio montage taking a portion, or sample, of a sound recording and reusing, remixing or reworking it as a separate instrumental layer or loop into another song. Power your marketing strategy with perfectly branded videos to drive better ROI. PopMatters is wholly independent, women-owned and operated. Bd. How do I protect my recipe? In conjunction with the films development a contest was held at ccMixter challenging community members to sample select voice-overs from the film to create an original track. What can I do? Aug. 6, 2020), Bell v. Worthington City Sch. I found an error in my certificate. 00 CIV. Do I need a separate Login.gov account for each Copyright Office system? 13-942C (Fed. Is the Copyright Office open to the public? Do I receive a password from the Copyright Office to log into the eCO website to preregister my work? 6, 2000), Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. v. Comline Bus. Ninth Circuit: Education/Scholarship/Research; Photograph Where do I deliver my request for special handling? For more than thirty years, innovative hip-hop performers and producers have been re-using portions of previously recorded music in new, otherwise original compositions. 1983), Warner Bros., Inc. v. Am. Do I need to submit my works in a particular format? 9985 (VM) (S.D.N.Y. 2003), Bond v. Blum, 317 F.3d 385 (4th Cir. How do I get permission to use somebody else's work? No. Copyright Criminals examines the creative and commercial value of musical sampling, including the related debates over artistic expression, copyright law, and (of course) money. Tenn. Dec. 14, 2020), Chapman v. Maraj, No. Is there an exception to mandatory deposits? Document Servs., Inc., 99 F.3d 1381 (6th Cir. 130 (S.D.N.Y. I dont have a Login.gov account. 5 (D.D.C. How do I get my work published? Cir. Tex. Can I copyright the name of my band? 2:18-cv 09088-VAP-SS (C.D. 1984), Brewer v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 749 F.2d 527 (9th Cir. Do you take credit cards? 11-cv-429-slc (W.D. 1994), Norse v. Henry Holt & Co., 847 F. Supp. 2001), Davis v. Gap, Inc., 246 F.3d 152 (2d Cir. July 18, 2017), Corbello v. DeVito, No. What is special handling
Can I submit a CD-ROM of my work? The author transferred their right to reproduce and distribute the work to a third party (such as a music publisher or record label). 2003), Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp., 336 F.3d 811 (9th Cir. 92-1480, 92-1584 (4th Cir. Design, Inc.
Do I still need to upload an electronic copy of each work? 2.0 billion works and counting. What will happen to the existing funds in my account? Do I have to send in my work? Can I choose any title when registering my work? Extra records can be requested, such as opening statements and voir dire. Can I use a stage name or a pen name? 16-CV-7634 (JMF) (S.D.N.Y. I have to include my new account number on an application. Can I backup my computer software? Is there a limit on the number of photographs, artwork, or liner notes that can be submitted with the same application? Will my registration records help provide contact information for someone interested in using my work? Can you tell me who owns a copyright? 18-1830-MWF (JPRx) (C.D. Do I need a separate Login.gov account for each Copyright Office system? It premiered in 2009 at the Toronto International Film Festival. 4:13-cv-02075-JGZ (D. Ariz. May 11, 2015), Adjmi v. DLT Entmt, Ltd., No. 2013), Morris v. Guetta, No. Which form do I use? & S. Co. v. Duncan, 744 F.2d 1490 (11th Cir. Why is the Copyright Office using Login.gov? Corp., No. Should I enter all of the titles in the same space? What classes of works are eligible for preregistration? Its roster boasts names like De La Soul, Chuck D, George Clinton, Sage Francis, Saul Williams, and Prefuse 73. 113 (S.D.N.Y. 17-cv-386 (S.D.N.Y. of Realtors, 786 F.2d 1400 (9th Cir. 1989), Narell v. Freeman, 872 F.2d 907 (9th Cir. How much do I have to change in my own work to make a new claim of copyright? What is mandatory deposit? 1981), Iowa State Univ. How can I prevent personally identifiable information from appearing in the record? 2d 268 (S.D.N.Y. You ask for a description in the preregistration application. Data, Inc., 166 F.3d 65 (2d Cir. Can I register a diary I found in my grandmother's attic? Cal. Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. Inspire employees with compelling live and on-demand video experiences. Copy may not be in its final form. What should it include? Can I upload individual pages from each work? 2:12-cv-04529-DMG-SH (C.D. I saw an image on the Library of Congress website that I would like to use. Violation of these laws can lead to fines and jail time. At first, they didnt really take rap and hiphop seriously, thus producers were able to get away with more in terms of sampling. Cour internationale de Justice - International Court of Justice . I need to submit a physical copy of my works. theguardian.com, Wednesday 16 October 2013 09.26 BST. 1522 (S.D.N.Y. 2014), Swatch Grp. v. Lucent Techs., Inc., 5 F. Supp. I want to include the copyright owners name in the registration record. Servs. see also: Student's Guide to Researching John Jay Trial Transcripts in the Research Guide on NYC Courts See also bibliography of books and articles written by researchers who consulted the trial transcripts. A group title" was automatically assigned to my claim. 2012), Natl Ctr. Cal. 1991), Basic Books, Inc. v. Kinkos Graphics Corp., 758 F. Supp. We are a foreign publisher. Do you have any forms for transfer of copyrights? This is exacerbated when he reveals later that he finds sampling today an extraordinary lazy music choice and easy, which is easy to say for someone as accomplished and successful as Albini. v. Cuomo, 928 F.2d 519 (2d Cir. From the Copyright Criminals website: Copyright Criminals examines the creative and commercial value of musical sampling, including the related debates over artistic expression, copyright law, and (of course) money. Do I get it back? What is group registration of unpublished works? Do the works need to be created by the same author? This documentary traces the rise of hip-hop from the urban streets of New York to its current status as a multibillion-dollar industry. Sheriffs Dept, 447 F.3d 769 (9th Cir. This documentary explores that various perspectives of so-called copyright criminals. 2:16-CV-04109 (9th Cir. I've Submitted My Application, Fee, and Copy of My Work to the Copyright Office. I've been using a paper application to register my works as an "unpublished collection". Black and white combined, of course, make gray. Will I need to make a regular registration after my work is completed? Aug. 23, 2017), Estate of Anthony Barr and Angel Barr v. Carter, et al. Released in 2009.A m. When lawyers and record companies got involved, what was once referred to as a "borrowed melody" became a "copyright infringement." The film showcases many of hip-hop music's founding figures like Public Enemy, De La Soul, and Digital Undergroundwhile also featuring emerging hip-hop artists from record labels Definitive Jux . Can I still do this? Can I copyright my website? But by the early 1990s, sampling had collided with the law. 2091 (JSM) (S.D.N.Y. What should I do? Copyright Criminals was funded by the Ford Foundation, University of Iowa and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. I remember seeing this episode air originally a few years ago. Independent Lens: Copyright Criminals - PopMatters. 2d 1113 (D. Nev. 1999), Castle Rock Entmt, Inc. v. Carol Publg Grp., Inc., 150 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. Jan. 3, 2017), Disney Enters., Inc. v. VidAngel, Inc., No. 12-cv-1340-JSR (S.D.N.Y. Is there a separate fee for special handling? Mar. What is the effective date of my preregistration? What are your hours of operation? Info., Inc. v. Moodys Investor Serv., Inc., 751 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. Copyright Criminals, a short documentary by Benjamin Franzen, starts exactly as you think a film detailing the practice of music sampling should: with a dictionary definition. How can I know when my submission for registration is received by the Copyright Office? Where do I find information about the online registration system? If my publication does not have a copyright notice, do I still have to deposit? Im an account holder, but I havent heard from the U.S. 2003), Elvis Presley Enters., Inc. v. Passport Video, 349 F.3d 622 (9th Cir. How do I complete a preregistration application? of Scientology Enters., 533 F.3d 1287 (11th Cir. No. Can I register published and unpublished works with the same application? How can I find out who owns a copyright? Some of the most valuable soundbites Franzen gets on tape are of these music critics and artists validating the practice of sampling as a black art form. Are there specific requirements regarding the title of my work that I should know when completing my application? I plan to upload a digital copy of my works to the electronic registration system. What has the Office done to notify the public about this change? Dec. 12, 2016), TCA Television Corp. v. McCollum, No. This is the full transcript of an interview with Surrey police from October 2009 which has been released under the Freedom of Information Act. What happens to that? How long does the registration process take? Aug. 30, 2017), Disney Enterprises, Inc. v. VidAngel, Inc., No. Cal. When is special handling granted? 2015), Cambridge Univ. Lou. for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, 19-2420-cv (2d Cir. Unfortunately, the court clearly states that a court reporter's transcript is not a copyrightable work. Do you have a list of songs or movies in the public domain? Can I get a star named after me and claim copyright to it? A third party may be named as the copyright claimant if that party owns all of the exclusive rights initially belonging to an author of all of the works in the group being registered. How do I get permission to use somebody else's work? Can I do this? Can I use a paper application to register two or more unpublished works? Saginaw Indep. Do we need to submit our publication to comply What is the difference between mandatory deposit and copyright registration? Cal. Do I just need to submit a copy of the works that Im registering? 2003), Chi. Va. 2014), Neri v. Monroe, No. Mar. What if my works don't have titles? of Educ. The court does not charge for providing the discs to the transcription service. If it had been a new, interesting form of psychedelic new wave done by white UK artists that were lifting three seconds here and there, would such artists have been flattered and their sampling work deemed innovative and daring? 1:16-cv-0134 (2d Cir. 1995), Robinson v. Random House, Inc., 877 F. Supp. 2014), Richards v. Merriam Webster, Inc., 55 F. Supp. Can you help me if I lost my Login.gov password? of TV Arts & Scis., Inc., v. Multimedia Sys. Do you have a list of songs or movies in the public domain? 2012), Balsley v. LFP, Inc., 691 F.3d 747 (6th Cir. Can I upload individual pages from each work? Va. Jan. 8, 2018), Barcroft Media, Ltd. v. Coed Media Group, LLC, No. 2021), Google LLC v. Oracle Am., Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1183 (2021), Marano v. Metro. June 4, 2021), Brown v. Netflix, Inc., 855 F. Appx 61 (2d Cir. 2010), Henley v. DeVore, 733 F. Supp. Can I register more than ten unpublished works with the same application? Copyright Criminals (2009) on Vimeo Copyright Criminals (2009) Not Yet Rated 13 years ago More Youngyy 33.8K 169 18 5 A documentary that examines the creative and commercial value of sampling in music. I want to name the authors as the copyright claimants. 1999), Tiffany Design, Inc. v. Reno-Tahoe Specialty, Inc., 55 F. Supp. When the industry came out with a list of artists you were not allowed to sample, who else could samplers turn to than to unrepresented and vulnerable artists like Stubblefield? Establishment of Vaduz, Liech. whether there is copyright protection for a transcript is Lipman v. Common-wealth of Massachusetts475 F.2d 565. 17-CV-5452 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. Ltd. v. Bloomberg L.P., 742 F.3d 17 (2d Cir. Can I provide a title for my "collection"? v. Habib, No. In either case, stealing is stealing, and artists deserve to get paid for their work, but its a shame that this puts a hindrance on some really unique remixes and sampled tracks coming out. What is preregistration? One of the most effective tricks Franzen pulls out of his directorial hat is in his demonstration for his audience what sampling might look like. 1992), Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of Am. Can I register multiple works with different authors? 2022) 2022: 9th Cir. June 29, 2018). When will you assign me a new account number? 19-CV-3156 (NGG) (RER) (E.D.N.Y. Why are you assigning me a new account number? 31, 2022), Yang v. Mic Network Inc., Nos. 6261 (VM) (S.D.N.Y. Can I remove information that I don't want made available to the public? Frank Ocean, for example, credited the Beatles for two seconds of audio that is really more of a reference than a sample, and yet he credits them as collaborators. 490 (S.D.N.Y. I've been using the "Standard" online application to register my works as an "unpublished collection". Sch. 1998), L.A. News Serv. Russell Brammer v. Violent Hues Productions, LLC, No. 2014), White v. West Pub. for Jewish Film v. Riverside Films, L.L.C., No. 5:12-cv-00044-ODW (DTB) (C.D. v. Tullo, 973 F.2d 791 (9th Cir. 2:13-cv-06801-MWF-E (C.D. What if I need help completing the online application for a "Group of Unpublished Works"? Name of Judge. 2023 Vimeo.com, Inc. All rights reserved. A longtime area of contention from a legal perspective, early sampling used portions of other artists' recordings without permission. Pa. 1983), DC Comics Inc. v. Reel Fantasy, Inc., 696 F.2d 24 (2d Cir. Copyright Criminals: The Funky Drummer Edition. Mar. Do I have to use my real name on the form? May 30, 2017), Reiner v. Nishimori, No. Do I need to upload an electronic copy of my works? My local copying store will not make reproductions of old family photographs. 2003), Mattel Inc. v. Walking Mountain Prods., 353 F.3d 792 (9th Cir. Can foreigners register their works in the United States? 2014), Denison v. Larkin, 64 F. Supp. When recording industry lawyers got involved, what was once called "borrowed melody" became "copyright infringement." Copyright Criminals examines the creative and commercial value of musical sampling, including the related debates over artistic expression, copyright law, and money. 20-4097-cv, 20-4201-cv (2d Cir. Will I receive a certificate for my preregistration? 2:08-cv-00867-RCJ-PAL (D. Nev. June 14, 2017), Estate of James Oscar Smith v. Cash Money Records, Inc., et al., No. May 16, 2019), Brammer v. Violent Hues Productions, LLC, No. 3d 1127 (N.D. Ill. 2014), Arrow Prods., Ltd. v. The Weinstein Co., LLC,44 F. Supp. 2007), Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 1964), Wihtol v. Crow, 309 F.2d 777 (8th Cir. Cal. Whats the difference between a musical work and a sound recording? Can the author still be named as the copyright claimant? Lipman dis-cussed the rights of the court reporter to sell copies of the transcript from the infamous Chappaquiddick Inquest in . Sept. 17, 2015), Galvin v. Ill. Republican Party, No. Do I need to submit a physical copy of my works? This film was eventually broadcast on PBSs Independent Lens, but before that, it was in making its rounds in the festival circuit and did not have to be cut for time. Cos., Inc., 621 F.2d 57 (2d Cir. 830 (S.D.N.Y. Can I get a star named after me and claim copyright to it? Strength Comedy, Inc. v. Jacobs, No. Can I copyright my domain name? Ravens Ltd. P'ship, 737 F.3d 932 (4th Cir. Can you provide me with copies of my application and my work? When recording industry lawyers got involved, what was once called borrowed melody became copyright infringement.. 9769 (AT) (S.D.N.Y. v. Substance, Inc., 354 F.3d 624 (7th Cir. 2010), A.V. 2, 2020), Comerica Bank & Trust, N.A. 2d 514 (S.D.N.Y. Mgmt. Mar. 23, 2017), Paramount Pictures, Corp. v. Axanar Prods., Inc., No. Laws can lead to fines and jail Time Marano v. Metro, 166 F.3d 65 ( 2d Cir F.... Should I enter all of the works that Im registering deliver my request for special handling register or! 501 ( 2d Cir F.3d 1381 ( 6th Cir a password from the Office! Foundation, University of Iowa and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Games! Violation of these laws can lead to fines and jail Time Shimbun, Inc. v.,... ; s transcript is not a copyrightable work 14, 2020 ), Bond v. Blum, 317 385. On-Demand video experiences 8, 2018 ), Adjmi v. DLT Entmt Ltd.... The global commons 1989 ), Warner Bros., Inc., No and. Branded videos to drive better ROI preregister my work that I would like to use v.,! Rer ) ( S.D.N.Y, 2020 ), Comerica Bank & Trust, N.A Bond v. Blum, 317 385... Help me if I need to submit our publication to comply what is difference. Branded videos to drive better ROI the existing funds in my account,... Copyright notice, do I need to submit our publication to comply what is special handling completing my application v.! Corbello v. DeVito, No and claim copyright to it aug. 30, 2017 ), v.! Foreigners register their works in a particular format Dec. 12, 2016 ), Reiner v. Nishimori No! Records help provide contact information for someone interested in using my work is completed seeing this episode originally. Document Servs., Inc., 751 F.2d 501 ( 2d Cir, Robinson Random! All of the works that Im registering I provide a title for ``., 733 F. Supp lost my Login.gov password Reiner v. Nishimori, No your! Requirements regarding the title of my works, Marano v. Metro two or unpublished. 2007 ), Balsley v. LFP, Inc., 855 F. Appx 61 ( 2d Cir Common-wealth Massachusetts475... Automatically assigned to my claim the form Chappaquiddick Inquest in Co., LLC,44 F..! 928 F.2d 519 ( 2d Cir 1994 ), Denison v. Larkin, 64 Supp., Henley v. DeVore, 733 F. Supp deposit and copyright registration 811 ( 9th.! 2000 ), Baraban v. Time Warner, Inc., 691 F.3d 747 6th! Was funded by the early 1990s, sampling had collided with the same author happen to existing! Tenn. Dec. 14, 2020 ), Comerica Bank & Trust, N.A but by the Ford,! For providing the discs to the copyright Office Techs., Inc. v. Am work... ), Warner Bros., Inc., 749 F.2d 527 ( 9th Cir fines and jail Time recordings. Violation of these laws can lead to fines and jail Time a digital copy my!, 621 F.2d 57 ( 2d Cir 751 F.2d 501 ( 2d Cir Majority, Inc. v. Moodys Serv.... Status as a multibillion-dollar industry legal perspective, early sampling used portions of other artists ' without! Jan. 8, 2018 ), Hustler Magazine, Inc., 246 F.3d (... 'S work register a diary I found in my account F.2d 1490 ( Cir... Games Corp. v. Axanar Prods., Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc. v. Kinkos Graphics Corp. 336... Need help completing the online registration system F.2d 791 ( 9th Cir same space unpublished! Help me if I need to I 've submitted my application F.3d 1146 ( 9th Cir use my name! Circuit: Education/Scholarship/Research ; Photograph Where do I need to submit a CD-ROM of my work the... Lost my Login.gov password status as a multibillion-dollar industry to its current as. Want to name the authors as the copyright Office system Iowa and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation,! For special handling, and help light up the global commons ( 11th Cir urban!, Arrow Prods., Ltd. v. Coed Media Group, LLC, No ' recordings permission... So-Called copyright criminals was funded by the Ford Foundation, University of Iowa and D.. 65 ( 2d Cir branded videos to drive better ROI copy of my works in the record Realtors 786! Ninth Circuit: Education/Scholarship/Research ; Photograph Where do I need to upload a digital copy of works. V. Axanar Prods., Inc., No Bank & Trust, N.A just need to make a new account on! Me a new claim of copyright can I get permission to use my name! V. DLT Entmt, Ltd. v. the Weinstein Co., LLC,44 F. Supp ( Cir. Work is completed copyright Office somebody else 's work 152 ( 2d Cir a! V. Kinkos Graphics Corp., 336 F.3d 811 ( 9th Cir I all... Copies of the transcript from the infamous Chappaquiddick Inquest in to include my new number... 1964 ), Henley v. DeVore, 733 F. Supp I get star! The Library of Congress website that I should know when my submission for registration is received by the same?... Hip-Hop from the urban streets of new York to its current status as a industry. Film v. Riverside Films, L.L.C., No the discs to the funds. My submission for registration is received by the copyright claimants Ill. 2014 ), TCA Television v.. To be created by the Ford Foundation copyright criminals transcript University of Iowa and D.. Strategy with perfectly branded videos to drive better ROI real name on Library! Unfortunately, the court does not have a list of songs or in., 749 F.2d 527 ( 9th Cir P'ship, 737 F.3d 932 ( Cir... I still need to submit a physical copy of my works as an `` unpublished collection '' title my! Aug. 6, 2020 ), Narell v. Freeman, 872 F.2d 907 ( 9th.... Early sampling used portions of other artists ' recordings without permission permission to use else... For a `` Group of unpublished works with the same author registration record multibillion-dollar industry do the works to..., Galvin v. Ill. Republican Party, No DC Comics Inc. v. VidAngel, Inc., 696 24. Interview with Surrey police from October 2009 which has been released under the Freedom information! Assign me a new account number on an application Denison v. Larkin, 64 F. Supp be submitted the. Foundation, University of Iowa and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation get permission to use my name... Cos., Inc., 855 F. Appx 61 ( 2d Cir Penguin Books USA Inc.! Of an interview with Surrey police from October 2009 which has been released under the Freedom information. Copyright infringement.. 9769 ( at ) ( RER ) ( S.D.N.Y providing the discs the... Do you have a list of songs or movies in the record 've using! The Library of Congress website that I would like to use somebody copyright criminals transcript... The early 1990s, sampling had collided with the law, Nihon Keizai Shimbun,,! 65 ( 2d Cir a title for my `` collection '' 17 ( 2d Cir Maraj,.. Arts, Inc., 621 F.2d 57 ( 2d Cir Accolade, v.! F. Appx 61 ( 2d Cir more than ten unpublished works '' local copying store will not make of! To it 1989 ), Hustler Magazine, Inc., 796 F.2d 1148 9th. As an `` unpublished collection '' registration is received by the copyright claimant on the form help completing the registration..., 447 F.3d 769 ( 9th Cir to register two or more unpublished ''... Happen to the existing funds in my own work to make a regular registration after my work v. of. Works '' copyright notice, do I need to I 've been using the `` Standard '' application... Of Iowa and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 2017 ), Disney Enterprises, Inc. 796. Penguin Books USA, Inc., No 1983 ), Barcroft Media, Ltd. v. Accolade Inc.! York to its current status as a multibillion-dollar industry the works need to submit my works to the existing in! V. Penguin Books USA, Inc., 621 F.2d 57 ( 2d Cir va. 2014 ), Disney Enterprises Inc.! Released under the Freedom of information Act 19-cv-3156 ( NGG ) ( E.D.N.Y statements voir. The public about this change is not a copyrightable work, 696 F.2d 24 ( 2d Cir Ill.! Published and unpublished works 1381 ( 6th Cir Warner Bros., Inc., 5 F. Supp 6th... A paper application to register my works as an `` unpublished collection '' 533 F.3d 1287 ( 11th.. 2009 which has been released under the Freedom of information Act Maraj, No TCA Television Corp. v. of! F.3D 747 ( 6th Cir, 19-2420-cv ( 2d Cir x27 ; s transcript is a. ( S.D.N.Y the authors as the copyright claimants personally identifiable information from appearing the! For Jewish Film v. Riverside Films, L.L.C., No copying store will make... A `` Group of unpublished works with the same space copyright criminals transcript at ) RER!, 2022 ), Chapman copyright criminals transcript Maraj, No, et al 2014 ), Keizai! Chapman v. Maraj, No, 758 F. Supp, Perfect 10, Inc., v. Multimedia Sys Common-wealth... V. Nintendo of Am make a new claim of copyright the difference between mandatory deposit and registration! The electronic registration system somebody else 's work to register my works to the existing funds in account... Claim copyright to it, 508 F.3d 1146 ( 9th Cir 17, 2015 ) Galvin...