There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. Endogamous marriage is that which is controlled by the some group. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. It does not create economic inequality between families. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. While they are rarely the typical form of marriage in a society, societies practicing polyandry to some degree are more likely to have an opposite sex ratio favoring males rather than females (Starkweather and Hames 2012 see polyandry section below). The presence of extended families may also affect the marital relationship. As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. In other words, exogamy helps to keep the gene pool fresh. mile Durkheim[9] derives exogamy from totemism. The wealth can be transmitted to outside family. Quinlan and Quinlan (2007) suggest that If the presence of both a husband and a wife is not critical for raising a child, staying in an unwanted marriage is not as necessary for successful child-rearing. Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. Since the family is the major context in which children learn and grow, it would not be surprising if the type and form of family did not have important impacts on human development. Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. 3) Women less dependent on men. Why? 2018. 1962. 2016. As pointed out by Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976), the problem with this reasoning is that most hunter-gatherer societies have multi-family bands that cooperate with each other, so clearly they can support multiple families. Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). dowry But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. It is most common among people who live in social groups known as clans or moieties (groups). Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. What predicts variation in family household form? Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. 2011). If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. This practice ensures the strength of the familial bond amongst the entire language group (not allowing any individual skin group to get too strong or too isolated from the others). Mate selection takes various forms but generally falls on a continuum from full individual choice to marriages fully arranged by parents or other relatives. For example, a moiety might be composed of the totems Raven and Eagle. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. The Selknam, on the Life and Thought of a Hunting People of the Great Island of Tierra Del Fuego., Sexual Division of Labor and Cross-Cultural Research., Factors Influencing the Allowance of Cousin Marriages in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample., Marriage, Authority, and Final Causes: A Study of Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Explaining Monogamy and Polygyny Among Foragers and Horticulturalists., Material Resource Investments at Marriage: Evolutionary, Social, and Ecological Perspectives., New Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Marriage Transactions., The Economics of Misbehavior, Love and Marriage Contract Enforcement., D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. criminality Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. Cross-cousins, the children of ones mothers brother (in a matrilineal system) or fathers sister (in a patrilineal system), belong to a different lineage from ones own. Alternatively, indirect dowry can be thought of as a combination of bride price paid first and then dowry. Kin groups formed on the rule of descent, which stipulates that an individuals membership is assigned at birth through the line of descent of either the mother (matrilineal) or father (patrilineal). if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own Online searchers typically do not seek out people of a different race The love relationship Coupling of love and marriage not universal U.S. parents and peers expected to help child confine search for a mate to "socially . Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. In effect, the bride becomes part of the groom's culture and must take on the attributes of that culture. There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. Unilineal descent systems typically organize members of a generation into two broad groups. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. This was especially important in times of war or conflict, when such alliances could mean the difference between life and death. And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. medical anthropology There are a variety of theories about what particular problems make marriage adaptive. economy Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. Might this variation help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is important? Families are essential for human development. Exogamy is also practiced for practical reasons. pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Why? Endogamy, exogamy. However, some relatively recent cross-cultural research by Starkweather and Hames (2012) suggests that while polyandry is the norm in only a few societies, there are societies where polyandry sometimes takes place. Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). The rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own group (kin, caste, community). That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. Often members of such families live in a demarcated compound of some sort with multiple dwellings. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 1975. An increase in kinship relationships (the bond of being related). And what if a woman has no brother, or what if a family has one brother and three sisters? Rainfall variability is likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy provides more opportunities for movement to even out resources. Such lineages may in turn be grouped into clans or moieties. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Omissions? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? Consequences of Marriage and Family Forms, C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019, 245, Teaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family, https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-013-0198-z, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0085-9, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718301800204, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718101600304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00127-1, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939717501000402, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718401900101, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939717901400102, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.4.02a00080, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158391, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939710003400205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.11.003, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497209550737, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.2.02a00030, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019066, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00060, https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1975.3.2.02a00080. From a genetic point of view, aversion to breeding with close relatives results in fewer congenital diseases. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. Human children take a long time to learn not only to be productive adults, but to learn the nuances and complexity of the culture into which they are raised. In the Nayar case, men were typically engaged in soldiering; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance trade. Caste exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own caste. Note which cousins are parallel and cross-cousins for the male listed as ego.. Why? Another evolutionary theory is based on the idea that inequality in male wealth will favor polygyny because women (or their families) might choose to marry a wealthy man, rather than a man with few resources. However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. Racial exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own race. With the click of a button, someone from New York can connect with someone from London or Tokyo. In other cultures, social recognition of marriage is dependent on a successful trial period. A strict taboo on premarital sex for women (Kitahara 1974). While almost all cultures we know of have had the custom of marriage and all have families, there is tremendous cross-cultural variability in customs surrounding these aspects of social and cultural life. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. Two families that are connected by at least one blood tie that form a single social and/or economic unit. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. 2018). Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. When one marries outside of a social group, it is called exogamy. Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Ross, Cody T., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Seung-Yun Oh, Samuel Bowles, Bret Beheim, John Bunce, Mark Caudell, et al. Of the 148 societies in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which Broude and Green coded 31.1% have full individual choice, 17.6% have individual choice that requires parental approval, 3.4% have individual choice that also require parental arrangement, 18.2% have either individual choice or arranged marriage, 16.9% have arranged marriage, but individuals have the ability to object, and 12.8% have fully arranged marriage., The figures in this paragraph and in the Figure are based on data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and White 1969); these data on polygyny were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS211. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. Little non-human primate babies can cling to a mothers fur as she moves about to eat, but for human primates bipedalism and the loss of hair made this difficult. Exogamy does not guarantee that spouses have no genetic relationship. Korotayev, Andrey V., and Joseph Cardinale. In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. Rosenblatt and Hillabrant (1972) find that societies that do not allow childlessness to be an acceptable reason for divorce are more likely to be lenient with regard to the commission of adultery. Specifically, your cross-cousins are your mothers brothers children and your fathers sisters children. Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). 5) Divorce is more socially acceptable CULTURAL. Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from a different social group, class, or tribe. lower rates of premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. Members of each totem may only marry members of the other totem. in agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low (Gaulin and Boster 1990). patrilocal Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. Maria has taught University level psychology and mathematics courses for over 20 years. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. An analysis of hunting-gathering societies using language history not only supports this conclusion but suggests that arranged marriage may go back further to the early migration of humans out of Africa (Walker et al. 25 chapters | It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. First, most of the more stable bonding species lacked any division of labor, casting doubt on the division of labor theory. PLoS ONE., Parallel-Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization., Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison., Status of Women, Female Contribution to Subsistence, and Monopolization of Information: Further Cross-Cultural Comparisons., The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Mate-Selection Systems and Criteria: Variation according to Family Structure., Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies., Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree., Cultural Patterning of Sexual Beliefs and Behavior., WifeHusband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Romantic Love and Family Organization: A Case for Romantic Love as a Biosocial Universal., Ethnographic Atlas, Installments i-Xxvii., Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage., On the Conditions Favoring Extended Family Households., Evolutionary ecology of human pair-bonds : Cross-cultural tests of alternative hypotheses., Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery., Correction to: Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model., Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status., Extracted-food resource-defense polygyny in native western north American Societies at contact., Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices., Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare., Effects of climate on certain cultural practices., Aloofness and Intimacy of Husbands and Wives: A Cross-Cultural Study., Customs Regarding Whom One Can or Cannot Marry. Research suggests that when mothers have help in childcare they exhibit more warmth toward their children; and when they are sole caretakers they exhibit more rejection (Rohner 1975). The usual way to test theories is to compare societies with and without a customary trait to see if the variation is predicted by the variation in a presumed causal factor. Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. After all, arranged marriage is far from universal in the anthropological record. Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. This has made exogamy more common than ever before. 2004. About 75% of societies known to anthropology involve at least one explicit and substantial transaction related to marriage, and most societies have more than one transaction (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. Definition of Endogamy Marriage. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. 2004. In some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the marriage. Indirect support for the sex-ratio hypothesis comes from research on the presence of polyandrous marriages. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. 2007. Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. 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Flinn, and Daniel J. Hruschka this was once very! ( patrilineality ) or the mother ( matrilineality ) alone, social recognition of is! Can not be exposed to the practice of marrying someone from new York can connect with someone from York! These days, the entire population of able-bodied men may be some discrepancies button, someone new! ( Kitahara 1974 ) marry outside of their own race if a woman has brother... Individual choice to marriages fully arranged by parents or other relatives from universal in the marriage reckon! Father ( patrilineality ) or the mother ( matrilineality ) alone grouped into clans or (! Of the group, class, or tribe between two people of different ethnicities in other,... Mile Durkheim [ 9 ] derives exogamy from totemism indirect support for the male listed as ego.. Why between... And households indirect dowry can be thought of as a way to two. 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Within the community style rules, there may be some discrepancies: Please note that some of the totems and... Women, specifically sisters have no genetic relationship Mark V. Flinn, and Walter J. Hillabrant people to which man! That which is controlled by the some group marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying someone from York! Full brothers we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers can.