The majority of Confederate soldiers were under 30 years of age. "[126], Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of soldiers who served in the Confederate army impossible. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were: Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. Sergeant Kirkland's actions remain a legend in Fredericksburg to this day. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops Federals and for the Confederates rebels, rebs or Johnny reb for an individual Confederate soldier. To the extent the word "battalion" was used to describe a military unit, it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near-regimental size unit. Historian James M. McPherson says: Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways. While on the march or in parade formation, Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut (a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. Additional information may be found by viewing the image of the original record. types of uniforms Confederate soldiers wore. Most of the men whose names appear in this index served with units from 15 different states or territories; others were soldiers raised directly by the Confederate government, generals and staff officers, and other enlisted men not associated with a regiment. The Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter signed the outbreak He first saw action during the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas), and later in the Battle of Savage's Station, Battle for Maryland Heights and Battle of Antietam, during which time many of his closest friends from Kershaw County were killed. "Leatherneck, Jarhead" A US Marine. [77], As a result of severe supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 78, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the Indian Home Guard. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. 2005 - 2023 Wyzant, Inc, a division of IXL Learning - All Rights Reserved, Capnomania (Fumimania), Etymology and History. However, when Kirkland asked if he could show a white handkerchief, General Kershaw stated he could not do that. They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their homes. The last name, Johnnies, is said to have originated in a quarrel between two pickets, which began by the Union mans saying that the Confederates depended on England to get them out of their scrapeThe Union mansaid that a Reb was no better than a Johnny Bull, anyhowThe name stuck, and in the last part of the war the Confederate soldiers were almost universally called Johnnies., Confederate soldiers were called rebels because, at the time, the American Civil War was known as the War of the Rebellion. Since the Confederates were fighting against their own country in this rebellion, they were called rebels.. The CSRs may also include original documents pertaining to the soldier. This is union and confederate combined. [112] The blunted nose of the shell was designed to increase its wind resistance . These lists contain names of Confederate soldiers, their regiment, and burial place transcribed from monuments and headstones. He was the fifth son of Mary and John Kirkland. The idea of arming the Confederacy's slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war, but such proposals were not seriously considered by Jefferson Davis or others in the Confederate administration until late in the war when severe manpower shortages were faced. One result was wave after wave of religious revivals in the Army,[33] religion playing a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers. Lee was formally designated general in chief by an act of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865. [128] According to the authors of Liberty, Equality, Power, "Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. Ninety-one percent of Confederate soldiers were native-born white men and only nine percent were foreign-born white men, Irishmen being the largest group with others including Germans, French, Mexicans, and British. [40] He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two: Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. on the Internet. He ventured back and forth several times, giving the wounded Union soldiers water, warm clothing, and blankets. Let us put the negro to work, but not to fight. [85] The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service. Kirkland did not stop until he had helped every wounded soldier (Confederate and Federal) on the Confederate end of the battlefield. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.[18]. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops "Federals" and for the Confederates "rebels," "rebs" or "Johnny reb" for an individual Confederate soldier. He was first assigned to Company E, 2nd South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, but was later transferred to Company G of the same regiment, and was promoted to sergeant. [92], During the siege of Yorktown, The United States Army's elite sniper unit, the 1st United States Sharpshooters, was devastatingly effective at shooting Confederate artillerymen defending the city. The storage wasteland, whose exact location has been . Armies were usually commanded by full generals (there were seven in the C.S. The Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Catawba, and Creek tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side. This was the highest rate of desertion of any Confederate state. [126][127] The Republican Party's platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view, as it too condemned the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants. HISTORY. The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. "[45], In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby, reflecting on his role in the war, stated in a letter to a friend that "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. These seven states also known as the Confederate States of America laid the foundation of the Confederacy during 4 to 9 February 1861 at a meeting held in Montgomery , Alabama. What did Union soldiers call Confederate soldiers? For example, at the pivotal Battle of Chancellorsville, the average U.S. Army infantry regiment's strength was 433 men, versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments. Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy: Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? This was about 10 percent of the total Union fighting force. "Dogface" A World War II and Korean War Soldier. The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861, grew even stronger as the war progressed. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. [28] Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts; all five upheld them.[29]. Soldiers from both sides were forced to listen to the painful cries of the wounded for hours, with neither side daring to venture out for fear of being shot by the enemy. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer. Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their costs. 116162. [44] One Louisianan artilleryman stated, "I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person. In addition to the Indians, I will receive all white male citizens, who are good marksmen. Read online free Texas Confederate Soldiers 1861 1865 Name Roster ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Capstone Press, 2016.Who Fought? American Battlefield Trust, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/who-foughtMilitary Pay. American Battlefield Trust, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/military-pay. [129], The exact number is unknown. Believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia,[69] Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run.[70]. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. Hone your math skills with our flashcards! The United States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas and the west. For more information about Fold3. bushwhackers. Compiled service records are files of cards that abstract original military records relating to an individual soldier. Many of their soldiers deserted, returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them. "[104] Maintaining the institution of slavery was the primary goal of the Confederacy's existence, and thus, using their slaves as soldiers was incongruous with that goal. Former Confederate secretary of state Robert Toombs said "In my opinion, the worst calamity that could befall us would be to gain our independence by the valor of our slaves instead of our own " and complained using black troops would be "a surrender of the entire slavery question. In the absence of exact records, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees, are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were conscripts. According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, in his book For Cause and Comrades, most Confederate volunteers stated they were fighting for liberty as well as slavery while many of the Union soldiers stated they fought to end slavery and preserve the union. Furthermore, each state often had its uniform regulations and insignia, which meant that the "standard" Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from. The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the War. color of their uniform), Grays, Johnny Reb, Johnny, or just plain In 1965, sculptor Felix de Weldon unveiled a statue in front of the stone wall at the Fredericksburg battlefield in Kirkland's honor. Confederate soldiers were called rebels because, at the time, the American Civil War was known as the "War of the Rebellion." Since the Confederates were fighting against their own country in this rebellion, they were called "rebels." For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. Confederate soldiers were called rebel, Grayback (because of the Help with grammar, French, SAT Writing, the TOEFL and ESL. In an open-air industrial area in Richmond, Virginia, lie the remains of Confederate statues. [81][83] During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg. A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods as major generals. gray. All U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 results for Franz Khler. For example, uniforms for North Carolina regiments often featured a colored strip of cloth on their shoulders to designate what part of the service the soldier was in. [49], Confederate policies regarding desertion generally were severe. Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown was an extreme case of a Southern States Rights advocate asserting control over Confederate soldiers: he defied the Confederate government's wartime policies and resisted the military draft. To avoid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state. "Justice Has Something to Do with It: Class Relations and the Confederate Army." Black Confederates: Truth and Legend. [27], The Confederate Congress enacted several more amendments throughout the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States' greater supply of manpower. [81] Reluctantly, on October 7, 1861, Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States. NARA describes this effort: The compilation of service records of Confederate soldiers was begun in 1903 under the direction of Brig. Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. At the beginning of the war, Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. In reality, as disease, desertions and casualties took their toll, and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold, most regiments were greatly reduced in strength. They seized federal property, including nearly all U.S. Army forts, within their borders. 35,000 worksheets, games, and lesson plans, Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and learning. [93] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support. Vol 2, C.A. This database contains an index to compiled service records (CSRs) for soldiers who served with units in the Confederate army. The war was nearly over by then, and only about two hundred slaves ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered.[22]. A Manual of Military Surgery (1863). For Free. Co. Collection [1] What did Union soldiers call Confederate soldiers? At some point during the day, Kirkland allegedly approached Confederate Brig. Confederates called the union soldiers Yankees. William Holland Thomas, the adopted white son of the chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, recruited hundreds of Cherokees for the Confederate army, particularly for Thomas' Legion. Our site is COPPA and kidSAFE-certified, so you can rest assured it's a safe place for kids to grow and explore. Confederate . [81], In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. America The Confederate . The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers. Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. Richard Rowland Kirkland (August 1843 September 20, 1863), known as "The Angel of Marye's Heights", was a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War, noted by both sides for his bravery and the story of his humanitarian actions during the Battle of Fredericksburg. greyback - Dictionary Definition "Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms" "As nouns the difference between confederate and greyback [87] They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates,[87] most notably at Fort Pillow in Tennessee and at the Battle of the Crater in Virginia. answered 10/20/15. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the Union Army. The Confederacy, when used within or in reference to North America, generally means the Confederate States of America. the "CSA"), whereas the northern states that remained united under the U.S. Constitution were called collectively "the Union.". In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern rights and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. Some of these soldiers were drafted into the Confederate Army while others joined willingly. FactMonster.com is certified by the kidSAFE Seal Program. "[22], In some cases, the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint,[91][92] such as at the First Battle of Bull Run. [4] Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the army at any given date. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [34][35][36][37] Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. 2 What was the Souths nickname in the Civil War? Barring the same type of circumstances that might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command, divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals. Honoring the heroes & heroines that fought that struggle is no disgrace. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. [100] They stated that it was incongruous with the Confederacy's goals and views regarding African Americans and slavery. In 1864, the Confederates burned down Chambersburg, a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before, due to its failure to pay an extortion demand. Battle of Antietam, also called Battle of Sharpsburg, (September 17, 1862), in the American Civil War (1861-65), a decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey . There is too many free niggers now to suit me, let alone having four millions. Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians, and saw their military service in terms of satisfying God's wishes. They were generally referred by number and state, for example 1st Texas, 12th Virginia. [20] The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9, 20,000 on April 8, and 49,000 on and after April 16. In the background is a slab dedicated to "Stonewall" Jackson, who earned his nickname at the first battle of Manassas, fought only 30 miles south of Washington, DC at the start of the civil . [91][92] According to abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet in 1862, he had met a slave who "had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion", but the slave had since defected to "the side of Union and universal liberty". The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Kirkland responded, "All right, sir, I'll take my chances.". Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States. "[46][47], At many points during the war, and especially near the end, the Confederate armies were very poorly fed. "[114], In other cases, under explicit orders from their commanders, Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into Union territory, sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them, as was the case with the Army of Northern Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863. However, within a very short time, what Kirkland was doing became obvious to both sides, and according to Kershaw cries from wounded soldiers for water erupted all over the battlefield. This database contains records of Confederate soldiers who served in military organizations that were formed by the Confederate Government. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113 (2005):340377. Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate Army, Confederate mortar crew at Warrington, Florida in 1861, across from Fort Pickens, Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863, Lt Col. E. V. Nash, 4th Georgia Infantry Doles-Cook Brigade, who was killed in 1864. They promised to give us our freedom and money besides, but none of us believed them; we only fought because we had to." Period! [11], Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, C.S. Results 1-20 of 67 View Record Name Birth Date Enlistment Date Enlistment Place Rank; To get better results, add more information such as Birth Info, Death Info or Locationeven a guess will help. Probably the most common way the two sides in the conflict are referred to is "the North" and "the South," designating respectively the states, mostly in the northern regions of the country, that did not secede from the United States and the states that did secede and joined together in a new polity, and these states were all located in the southern parts of the United States. The search engine finds names alphabetically. "[98] After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March 1865. The southern states called this new union they had created the "Confederacy," or more formally "the Confederate States of America" (a.k.a. [118] As a response, in May 1863, the Confederacy passed a law demanding "full and ample retaliation" against the United States, stating that any black person captured in "arms against the Confederate States" or giving aid and comfort to their enemies would be turned over to state authorities, where they could be tried as slave insurrectionists; a capital offense punishable with a sentence of death. [108], On March 13, 1865,[22] the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14[109][110] by a single vote in the Confederate senate,[22][111] and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law. The original 13 states recognized by the Articles of Confederation were (in chronological order): Delaware (ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787) Pennsylvania (ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787) New Jersey (ratified the Constitution on December 18, 1787) Georgia (ratified the Constitution on January 2, 1788) Connecticut (ratified the Constitution on January 9, 1788) Massachusetts (ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788). By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the American Civil War. A small number of Asian men were forcibly inducted into the Confederate Army against their will, when they arrived in Louisiana from overseas. Edit Search New Search. What was the nickname for Confederate soldiers. The Union soldiers normally just referred to them rebels. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were involved at any time during the war. The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command. Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. The abstracts made from the original records were carefully checked to ensure that the abstracts were accurate.. Reports from the War Department beginning at the end of 1861 indicated 326,768 men that year, 449,439 in 1862, 464,646 in 1863, 400,787 in 1864, and "last reports" showed 358,692. Gen. Fred C. Ainsworth, head of the Record and Pension Office of the War Department. ", Samuel J. Watson, "Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies. [95][96], The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army, neither free people nor slaves. 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