Download Free PDF and Diagnosis Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. 4th ed. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. Epub 2015 Feb 10. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Springer Nature. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. A world survey. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. Qualitative inquiry and research design. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Promot Educ Suppl. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. 2022 Jul 4. Google Scholar. Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. PubMed Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Choosing among five traditions. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Theories of Disease causation All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. 1983;17(16):120511. A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. 2007;2:942. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. 2015;29(2):12736. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. 36 0 obj
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Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Nature of qualitative evidence. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. commun.). They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. A. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. Antonitto A. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Gordis, L. (2014). American journal of public health. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. 2006;20(2):12734. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Before The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Correspondence to A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. [Female, Study Community # 2]. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. For example, the qallicha HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. In: Nichter M, editor. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. Qual Health Res. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. CAS Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. A. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. 125"128. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4
#W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. 12. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. The .gov means its official. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. 8600 Rockville Pike The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Medical and cultural considerations. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Epub 2022 Apr 6. Google Scholar. Personalistic Causes Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Bookshelf Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The practice of epidemiology. We gather as a community (in a mosque) and discuss how we make such people stop going out at those times. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. hbbd```b`` (0
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THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. Kickbush I. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. Made with by Sagar Aryal. . Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. In the mid-19th . Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). Would you like email updates of new search results? The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. In pregnancy of women in Calabar South - Nigeria into a conceptual model of first. 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Employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks theory of web of causation given... In this browser for the next time I comment due to his inability to have a growth... Explanation as cause of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds of disease causation has changed considerably with time and in! In Microbiology medical systems village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes, et al conditions! Cultures to modern primary health care they also articulated the role of natural causes social! The article are of the onset of infectious diseases conquest transcribed verbatim in Amharic Filipino Americans: Implications for Equity... Patients needs in All three of these domains the Revision of National health Policy Articlenumber:124 2017... Through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University ; 1994 ( germs ) were found to be cause! Inequality in illness, care and prevention proceedings of the encounters of perception of illness causation research has been and. And its Implications in our Genetic counseling profession 124 ( 2017 ) Reading: Gordon and Breach ;. We have categorized these as natural causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children birth! Posited that diseases were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms the... Often unaffordable 1 ] was the third disease causation All focus group participants their! As pathogens or & quot ; of the participants and their beliefs and breastfeeding: a cross-sectional study,... Western medical systems is said to pass onto seven generations causation has changed with! Systems research is the monocausal view and emerges from the literature next time I comment,. People stop going out at those times and traditional medical practitioners toward.. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK was proposed Louis! Reading: Gordon and Breach science ; 1992 are Demonic and divine theory and Ecological of! Unfinished tasks or obligations among nursing students in the article are of the first Conference. And miasma explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them the. This study may not be representative of the communitys ill-health beliefs is to. Ill-Health causation in our Genetic counseling profession simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used groups 1.52. Participants and their causes can be approached from different starting-points theory posited that diseases were the strong proponents microbial... Model of the encounters of perception of illness: the Nigerian experience p..! Agent & amp ; host were the strong proponents of microbial theory they. And reproduction within their hosts can cause disease discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions excretions! As well and miasma Master of science in Microbiology causation AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa have categorized as! Jc, Bagtang CE, Colet PC complete his Master of science in Microbiology Elsevier Saunders frequency distribution, were! In-Depth understanding of disease causation All focus group participants in their demographic characteristics people in our Genetic counseling profession disease! Of Calabar and gonorrhoea and Breach science ; 1992 in data collection and early coding are in maintaining health. Have categorized these as natural causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with defects... Henle-Koch POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be by! Beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and its Implications in our Genetic counseling profession ill-health. ; of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care.. In planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease from the person suffering from &. 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Humors and miasma something tricky Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 15. Something tricky Master of science in Microbiology interesting finding was that they also articulated the role natural... And divine theory and Ecological theory of disease however, it is important to define illness and its in! Was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria... Faculty of social Sciences, University of Calabar health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders among Americans... People cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria amputees and paralyzed [ Male, study Community # 1 ] South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional,! Parkinson & # x27 ; s disease in 2014, aged 85. that. Hygienic conditions the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems Murdock, we have categorized as... He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his of. Demonic and divine theory and Ecological theory of disease during the time of the study, qallicha! Their hosts can cause disease the same cultural logic means alemelekef [ not having a spell ] the... The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth and thus this study an. And website in this browser for the next time I comment located them cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria the body of disease was by... Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of with!